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第一篇 论英语谚语翻译技巧_外语翻译论文
摘要:英语谚语不仅大量出现在文艺作品里,在和科学论文中也同样经常遇到。英语谚语翻译的好坏对整个译文的质量有直接的影响。因此,如何处理英语谚语是翻译中的一个极为重要的问题。
关键词:英语谚语;翻译;技巧
1引言
谚语民俗文化的结晶,是人类智慧的火花。英语是一种高度发展的语言,在其漫长的发展过程中,吸收了欧洲多个民族语言的精髓。英语谚语更是博采众长,特别是从古希腊、罗马文化及《圣经》中吸收了大量的营养。英语国家的作家、思想家如培根、莎士比亚、蒲柏和富兰克林等更是为这座宝库增添了许多丰富多彩的内容。但是,英语谚语的主体还是来自民间。那些无从考证出处而又家喻户晓的谚语是一代代普通民众长期积累、流传下来的思想火花与语言经典。英语学习者通过英语谚语可以浏览英语国家思想与文化的精华,领略英语语言的精悍与传神。优美的译文不仅帮助读者更好地理解英语谚语的含义,而且会带您走进一座智慧的殿堂、语言的宝库。
2英语谚语的特点
英语谚语是经过长时间的使用而提炼出来的固定短句,是智慧的结晶。英语谚语大都具有鲜明的形象,适宜于用来比喻事物,因而往往带有浓厚的民族色彩和地方色彩。英语谚语有的意思明显;有的富予含蓄,意在言外,可引起丰富的联想;有的可能包含几个意思,必须根据上下文的具体情况来明确它的意义。英语谚语既是语言中的重要修辞手段,同时其本身也是各种修辞手段的集中表现。不少英语谚语前后对称,音节优美,韵律协调。Www.0519news.COM
3英语谚语的翻译策略
由于英语谚语具有这些特点,翻译时就应当尽量保持这些特点。英语谚语不仅大量出现在文艺作品里,在和科学论文中也同样经常遇到。英语谚语翻译的好坏对整个译文的质量有直接的影响。因此,如何处理英语谚语是翻译中的一个极为重要的问题。译者除了忠实地表达原文习语的意义外,还应尽可能保持原文习语的形象比喻、丰富想象、修辞效果及其民族色彩和地方特色。英语谚语的语的英译汉有三种主要方法。
3.1直译法
“直译是把忠实于原文内容放在第一位,把忠实于原文形式放在第二位,把通顺的译文形式放在第三位的翻译方法。”(许渊冲,1984)即直译法是在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误的联想的条件下,在译文中保留英语谚语的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩的方法。例如:
after a storm comes a calm.风暴之后是宁静。
after rain comes fair weather.雨过天晴。
all things are difficult before they are easy.万事开头难。
as you sow,so shall you reap.自作自受。
as a man sows,so he shall reap.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。
the style is the man.文如其人。
fish in troubled waters.浑水摸鱼。
the remembrance of the past is the teacher of the future.前事不忘,后事之师。
3.2意译法
“意译却是把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位,把通顺的译文形式放在第二位,而不拘泥于原文形式的翻译方法。”(许渊冲,1984)当直译有困难或勉强译出而读者无法理解时,一般应采用意译法。意译主要是指在翻译时抓住内容和喻义这一重要方面,牺牲形象、结合上下文比较灵活地传达原意。例如英语谚语a horse stumbles that has four legs,若将其直译成“有四条腿的失蹄”,这自然会给听者的理解带来困难,甚至会产生一种莫名其妙的感觉。对于这类谚语的翻译,应采取意译法,以完全不同的词语将甲方语句的寓意准确地传达给乙方。如果我们将上例a horse stumbles that has four legs译成“人非圣贤,孰能无过”或“金无足赤,人无完人”,不失为成功的处理方法,汉译后,其形虽变,然其意依存。以下各例谚语的翻译均体现了“形相远而意相近”的翻译的原则:
beggars cant be choosers.饥不择食。
the best fish are(或swim)near the bottom.好鱼居水底。/有价值的东西不能轻易得到。
the best fish ell when they are three days old.再好的鱼三天也要变臭。/久住招人嫌。
butter to butter is no relish.千律的东西令人生厌。
care killed a cat.忧虑伤身。
the child is father of(或to)the man.三岁看到老。
claw me and ill claw thee.投之以桃,报之以李。
a close mouth catches no flies.口紧不招祸。
the cobbler should stick to his last.各守本分。
the darkest hour is nearest the dawn.接近成功时最艰苦。 3.3同义谚语套用法
有的英语谚语和汉语同义谚语在内容和形式上都相符合,双方不但有相同的意义和修辞色彩,并且有相同的或大体相同的形象比喻。对于此类谚语可采用“同义谚语套用法”。
practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
seeing is believing.眼见为实。
put the cart before the horse.本末倒置。
diamond cut diamond.强中更有强中手。
gifts blind the eyes.拿了手短,吃了嘴软。
there is no oke without fire.无风不起浪。
a new broom sweeps clean.新官上任三把火。
dont bite the hand that feeds you.不要恩将仇报。
there are plenty of fish in the sea.天涯何处无芳草。
kill two birds with one stone.一箭双雕。/一石双鸟。
speak of the devil(and he will appear).说到曹操,曹操到。
3.4增词加注法
有些英语谚语带有浓厚的民族色彩、地方色彩或具有典故性质,汉译时必须加注才能把意思交代清楚愿意,这种翻译法叫做增词加注法。例如,仅仅把carry coals to newcastle译为“向运煤,多此一举”是不够的,因为读者不一定理解“纽卡索”的含义,必须用增词加注法翻译为“向(煤区)纽卡索运煤,多此一举。”或加注,说明“纽卡索”是英国的一个产煤中心,往那运煤,多此一举。
4结语
谚语作为一种以简单通俗的语言来表达深刻道理的语句,常为人们所引用。在国际交往中,人们喜欢引用本国或外国的谚语。例如美国前总统里根1984年4月访华时充满深情地说:since we arrived the graciousness with which we have been received has been heartwarming.a chinese proverb best describes my feeling:“when the visitor arrives,it is as if returning home.(宾至如归)。同年11月访华的挪威首相willoch在欢迎宴席上说道:although i have tried to follow the developments in your country from afar,i am very conscious of the truth of the chinese proverb“seeing is believing(眼见为实/百闻不如一见)”。因此,译者在翻译英语谚语时应用恰当的翻译技巧准确无误传达原文的含义意义重大。当然,掌握了以上四种谚语的翻译方法并不等于找到了一把可以翻译所有谚语的。有些谚语的翻译需要译员“转形解意”,而有些谚语的翻译宜“以不变应万变”,以保其“原汁原味”(梅德明,20xx)。
参考文献
[1]张培基.英汉翻译教程[m].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1980.
[2]许渊冲.翻译论集[j].:商务印书馆,1981.
[3]陆谷孙.新英汉词典[m].上海:上海译文出版社,2000.
[4]梅德明.中级口译教程[m].上海:上海外语教育出版社,20xx.
第二篇 论英语谚语的特点与翻译_外语翻译论文
contents
acknowledges ii
contents iii
english abstract iv
chinese abstract v
part i
introduction 1
part ii
characteristics of english proverbs 1
1. many eloquence characteristics 2
2. deep thought and moral 3
3. bright ethnic and geographical characteristics 4
part iii
cultural backgrounds of english proverbs 5
1. traditional customs 5
2. religion 7
3. historical stories and literary works 8
part iv
translation methods of english proverbs 10
1. literal translation 10
2. free translation 11
3. substitution translation 12
4 .combination of literal and free translation 14
part v
conclusion 16
references 18
abstract
the author of this paper tries to prove that english proverbs, which are the gems of the english language, have such close relations to british culture that they truly reflect the colorful life of british people throughout history. from the perspective of language form, english proverbs are characterized by religious structure, concise form, deep moral, bold image, unique geography and ethnic characteristics, and from the perspective of cultural backgrounds, they are associated with religious beliefs，habits and customs，fables and myth，and culture and art. so it is not an easy job for our chinese people to translate english proverbs precisely. in the end of the paper, the author proposes four translation methods of english proverbs: literal translation，free translation，substitution translation，literal translation combined with free translation．
key words： english； proverb； translation； culture
摘 要
英语谚语是英国智慧的结晶。wWw.0519news.cOM作者从语言形式上介绍了英语谚语的特点：简练的文字，短小的形式，鲜明的比喻，深刻的寓意，具有鲜明的民族特色和地方色彩等。同时，作者从文化背景方面介绍了英语谚语的产生与英国的传统习俗，宗教信仰，典故及其文学作品有关， 正是以上这些因素使得英语谚语翻译比较困难。最后，作者了英语谚语的四种翻译方法：直译，同义谚语套用法，意译，直译与意译相结合。
关键词： 英语；谚语；翻译；文化
part i
introduction
like other nation’s proverbs, english proverbs are the essence of english people’s wisdom. a well-translated english proverb can not only teach, enlighten and persuade people, but also can enrich our chinese language and culture. so it is necessary to study a nation’s proverbs when we try to study its language and culture．
english proverbs have many characteristics, such as religious structure, concise form, deep moral, bold image, unique geographical and ethnic characteristics. these characteristics make difficulties for us to translate english proverbs if we want to keep the original proverb’s language form and taste.
moreover, because of the differences of religious beliefs，habits and customs，fables and myth，and culture and art，english proverbs and chinese proverbs carry on the different national cultural characteristics and information. if we do not know these cultural backgrounds, we cannot understand the english proverb’s connotation and cannot translate them precisely. to our chinese people with a little cultural knowledge about english, it is very difficult for us to understand and translate english proverbs. so when studying english, we should try to study its culture firstly.
in order to present an adequate translation of a proverb，we can use the four translation methods flexibly：literal translation，free translation，substitution translation，literal translation combined with free translation．when translating, we should try to choose a proper translation method firstly. secondly, we should translate the proverb’s connotation. meanwhile, we should try to keep the original proverb’s form.
in this paper, the author aims to introduce the characteristics of english proverbs, and discuss the four translation methods and their advantages respectively．
part ii
characteristics of english proverbs
english proverbs have the same characteristics like the other nations' proverbs. they are produced orally by farmers, hunters, workers, sailors, housewives, etc, so they conclude british people’s experience of fighting with the society and nature, and have the function of teaching, enlightening, and persuading people. english proverbs possess the following characteristics.
1. many eloquence characteristics
1.1 oral and concise words
we all know that english proverbs are produced by british working people orally, so the words of english proverbs are very concise and oral. when we translate them, we should try our best to keep the original proverb’s oral characteristic. for example, “bad workmen quarrel with their tools.”拙工咎器.(彭小红，20xx). obviously, we can see that the translation is more formally, and it will lose its oral characteristic. so the above one should be translated like this, “拙工常怨工具差” , which will be easier for people to recite.
now we will give two kinds of translations of some english proverbs. from these translations, we can see that the second translation is more popular, and is easier for people to recite.
1. well begun is half done.
能言其始，事已成半。（良好的开端是成功的一半。）
2. waste not, want not.
俭以防匮。（不浪费，不愁缺。）
3. a good beginning makes a good ending.
欲善其终，必先善其始。（有了好的开始，才有好的结果。）
4. a danger foreseen is half avoided.
预见其患，则患不足惧。（预见了危险，就等于防备了一半。）
1.2 syntax structure and rhythm
moreover, when we read proverbs, we will find that the syntax structure of english proverbs is compact and symmetrical; and the rhythm is gentle and united. for example, “you may take a horse to the water, but you can not make it drink” (陈红玉，20xx) . if we translate it like this, 你把马牵到河边去，但不能叫它饮水, it will lose the characteristics of concise words, symmetrical and compact syntax structure and gentle rhythm. so it is better for us to translate like this, 牵马河边易，逼马饮水难.
proverbs have the characteristics of concise and oral word, symmetrical and compact syntax structure and gentle rhythm. therefore, when we translate them, we should try our best to keep these characteristics. only in this way, can the translation have the taste of proverb.
2. deep thought and moral
like other proverbs, english proverbs imply deep thought and moral. they usually express people’s noble thought, and they can teach, encourage, enlighten and persuade people, like people’s good friends and motto. for example,
1. fish and guests ell in three day.
鱼不过三日鲜，言不过三日亲。
2. a wise man thinks all that he says; a fool says that entire he thinks.
智者思其所言，愚者言其所思。
3. learning is better than house and land.
学富五车胜过万贯家财。
4. a hedge between keeps friendship green.
君子之交淡如水。
5. all that glitters is not gold.
闪亮的不一定都是金子。
6. complacency is the enemy of study.
学习的敌人是自己的满足。
7. failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
8. knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.
博学使人谦虚，无知使人骄傲。
9. no rose without a thorn.
没有不带刺的玫瑰。
10. pleasure comes through toil.
苦尽甘来。
3. bright ethnic and geographical characteristics
english proverbs are based english cultural backgrounds. when we read english proverbs, we cannot stop to imagine the english history, geography, customs, politics, economy, etc. obviously, english proverbs have bright ethnic and geographical characteristics. therefore, when we translate this kind of proverbs, we should try our best to keep the original proverbs' ethnic and geography characteristics. now we will take some proverbs as examples following with two kinds of translations. we can compare which one is better to keep the ethnic and geographical characteristics of proverbs.
1. talk of the devil and he is sure to appear.
说到魔鬼，魔鬼就到。（说曹操，曹操到。）
2. two heads are better than one.
两个人的头脑总比一个的好。（三个丑皮匠顶个诸葛亮。）
3. beauty lies in lover’s eyes.
情人眼里出美人。（情人眼里出西施。）
4. do not cross the bridge until you come to it.
船到桥头自然直。（不要杞人忧天。）
5. never offer to teach fish to swim.
不要教鱼儿游水。（不要班门弄斧。）
we all know that “曹操 ，诸葛亮，西施，杞人，鲁班”are the unique people in chinese history. if we choose the second translation, our chinese people will make a misunderstanding that there are also曹操 ，诸葛亮，西施，杞人，鲁班 in britain. on the contrary, the first kind of translation implies the bright ethnic and geographical characteristics, and people can easily know that they are english proverbs but not chinese ones.
part iii
cultural backgrounds of english proverbs
proverbs are based a nation’s unique cultural backgrounds. human culture has much in common, but also has much in difference. the differences of the traditional customs, religions and historical stories and some other literature works make proverbs have strong cultural characteristics. if we want to master a foreign language, we must know the specialty of the foreign country’s cultural backgrounds. in the following part, we will talk about the cultural backgrounds of english proverbs: traditional customs, religion and historical stories and some other literature works, which will help us understand the english proverbs well, then translate them precisely and faithfully.
1. traditional customs
every nation has its own traditional culture, in which its own traditional customs, are different from others. these differences reflect the bright national feeling and characteristics. for example, people from different nations have different feelings to the same animal.
1.1 bat
in china, bat stands for “happiness”. because in chinese, the pronunciation of “蝠 ” is the same as “福”(happiness), chinese people think that bat is a lucky thing meaning happiness. on the contrary, bat stands for an unlucky thing in britain, which we can see from many english proverbs. for example,“ as blind as a bat. 有眼无珠”.
1.2 dog
in china, although some people feed dogs, most people abhor and despite this kind of animal psychologically. they often compare dogs with bad people or some disgusted things. on the contrary, englishmen like dogs, because they think that dogs can hunt with them and look their homes. they regard dogs as their companions and pets. therefore, in many english proverbs, british people often compare dogs with people. for example,
1. beat the dog before the lion.
杀鸡给猴看。
2. better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.
宁为鸡头，勿为凤尾。
3. love me, love my dog.
爱屋及乌
4. every dog has its day.
凡人皆有得意时。
5. let the sleeping dog lie.
别惹是生非。
6. barking dogs do not bite.
吠犬不咬人
7. dog does not eat dog.
同类不相残.
8. a good dog deserves a good bone.
有功者受赏.
1.3 dragon
dragon is an imaginary animal with wings and claws, able to breathe out fire. in china, dragon is regarded as an auspicious deity standing for emperor. so chinese people adore it very much, and compare themselves with dragon, such as“炎黄子孙”,“龙的传人” and “望子成龙”. but in british mythology, dragon is a fierce and cruel animal with four feet, which is a synonym of evil. so dragon is a derogatory sense in britain. for example, to sow dragon’s teeth，播下不和的种子；to chase the dragon. 服用／。
2. religion
2.1 christianity
we all know that buddhi has great influence on chinese culture. so there are many chinese proverbs referring to buddhi, for example, “借花献佛” “闲时不烧香，临是抱佛脚” . however, britain is a nation which is influenced deeply by christianity. there are many english proverbs referring to god, heaven, devil, hell, etc. for example,
1. go through hell and high water.
赴汤蹈火。
2. god helps those who help themselves.
自助者，神助之。
3. talk of the devil and he will appear.
说到魔鬼，魔鬼就到。
4. man proposes, god disposes.
谋事在人,成事在天.
5. mills of god grind slow but sure.
天网恢恢,疏而不漏.
2.2 bible
we all know that bible is a book referring to christianity, and it is also an essential book in every english family. even though in a all poor village, you will find that there is a bible in every farmer’s austere house. obviously, bible has controlled english people’s spirit and every aspect of their life, which has been reflected in many english proverbs. for example, forceful as samson 像参孙一样力大无比, (朱艳，20xx). samson is one of the most famous giants in bible. he was full of plentiful energy, which god jehovah gave him. samson once mangled a lion without any weapon as he ripped a little lamb. moreover, he once used a jawbone of an ass to kill 1000 philistines. unfortunately, philistines seized him, and they scratched his couple of eyes. with great angry, samson pushed over philistine’s house, which just ashed 3000 philistines. at the same time, he was also ashed by the fallen house. therefore, in britain, samson symbolizes person who is with great energy.
there are many english proverbs coming from bible. for example,
1. spare the rid and spoil the child.
舍不得棍子，宠坏了孩子。
2. beard the lion in his den.
老虎嘴里拔牙，太岁头上动土。
3. there is nothing new under the sun.
天地之大，无奇不有。
4. cast your pearls before swine.
对牛弹琴.
5. judge not according to appearance.
勿以貌取人.
bible has figured many people with vivid individuality. now, we know that bible plays an important part in british people’s life. if we do not know the literature illusions and proverbs from bible, we cannot study english well. so, if you want to translate vividly and concisely, please read bible！it will give you great help.
3. historical stories and literary works
we all know that every nation has its own culture and history, so every nation has its own unique literature works. in china, confuciani and taoi influence people greatly. however, in britain, people are influenced greatly by greece fables, aesop’s fables and some other literature works, such as shakespeare’s works, and many proverbs are originated from them. therefore, if we do not know these historical stories well, we cannot translate precisely. take an english proverb originated from aesop’s fables as an example, “do not be a dog in the manger”站着茅坑不拉屎, (朱艳，20xx). the story is like this, a dog grabs the battle’s manger without making good use of it, and it never eats the hay that the cattle wants to eat. so this proverb’s connotation is to satire a person who commandeers wealth, resource and position without making good use of them. meanwhile, he impediments the other people to own them.
there are many proverbs of this kind. the following are as examples,
1. do not change horse in the middle stream. 河中莫换马，临阵莫换将。
it is originated from a historical story in england.
2. he has burnt his bridges behind him. 破釜沉舟，背水一战。
it is originated from a historical story in roman.
3. grasp all, lose all. 欲尽得，必尽失。
it is originated from aesop’s fables
4. happy is the man who learnt from the misfortunes of others. 前车之鉴，后人之福。
it is originated from aesop’s fables
5. when greeks meet greeks, then comes the tug of war. 两雄相争，其争必烈。
it is originated from greece fables.
6. one falls into scylla in seeking to avoid charybdis. 才离狼窝，又入虎口。
it is originated from greece fables.
7. uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. 位高心不宁。
it is originated from shakespeare’s famous play- henry ⅳ.
8. practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
it is originated from english poet, christopher anstey. (安斯泰，1724-1805)
9. a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 浅学误人。
it is originated from one of the most important poets in england, pope. (薄柏，1688-1744)
10. curiosity killed the cat.多一事不如少一事。
it is originated from thomas gray, a famous english poet in 18th century. (托马斯﹒格雷 1716- 1771)
part iv
translation methods of english proverbs
from the above discussion, we know that proverbs have bright cultural backgrounds and ethnic and geographical characteristics. if we do not master enough english cultural backgrounds, we cannot understand their true meanings and connotations. when we translate proverbs, we should first deal with the discrepancy between language and culture. we should not only translate the proverb’s connotation, form and eloquence, but also the ethnic and local characteristics. only in this way, can we translate the proverbs exactly and accurately. according to the different characteristics of proverbs, we will mainly introduce four translation methods―literal translation, substitution translation, free translation and combination of literal and free translation.
1. literal translation
literal translation, which is a main translation method, means we need to translate proverbs literally. some english proverbs and chinese proverbs have the same form and meaning, and these english proverbs do not have too many cultural backgrounds. it is easy for the readers to understand them. when translating this kind of proverbs, we can translate them literally. this approach can not only keep the original proverb’s form and meaning, but also can be easily understood by readers. what is important of all, literal translation can transplant the english proverbs into chinese culture. we all know that english proverbs have many fresh expressive methods and comparisons. we can introduce these fresh expressive methods and comparisons into china. finally, these english proverbs will enrich chinese language and culture. now we will give some proverbs with two kinds of translations--the first one is free translation and the second one is literal translation.
1. an unfortunate man would be drowned in a teacup.
倒霉的人经不起风浪。（一人倒霉，一杯茶也能淹死。）
2. bind the sack before it be full.
凡事适可为止。（带子装满前要扎住。）
3. draw not your bow till your arrow is fixed.
三思而后行。（箭没搭好，先别拉弓。）
4. a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
十赊不如一现。（双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。）
5. old birds are not to be caught with chaff.
没有经验的人易上圈套。（秕糠捉不住老鸟。）
6. catch the bear before you sell the skin.
不要高兴得太早。（没有捉住熊，先不要卖皮。）
7. when the cat is away, the mice will play.
阎王不在，小鬼跳梁。（猫儿不在，老鼠成精。）
8. learn to creep before you leap.
按部就班，循序渐进。（先学爬，再学走。）
from the above example, we can see that literal translation can keep the original proverb’s vivid comparison. it is not only easier for people to understand, but also can enrich our chinese language and culture.
2. free translation
every country has its own unique culture. so every nation’s customs, experience and observation are different. english proverbs contain some unique historical stories and cultural backgrounds, and our chinese people are not familiar with the comparisons in these english proverbs. if we translate them literally with explanations or footnotes, the translation may express the original proverb’s literal meaning, but this translation makes proverbs lose their characteristics—concise words, precise structure, short form, etc. meanwhile, we can not find the chinese proverb with the same meaning to translate it. in this situation, we should use free translation method. for example, “choose a wife on a saturday rather than a sunday” (包通法﹑徐洁，20xx). if we translate it literally like this, “择妻宜在星期六，不宜在星期日”, it is very difficult for our chinese people to understand it, because this proverb implies british religious custom. in britain, people believe christianity, every sunday people will take off their working suits, and put on their best beautiful clothes going to the church to do church, and “a saturday” means the working days. this proverb implies that when people choose girlfriend, he should pay attention to her usual behaviors rather than her beautiful appearance. so if we translate it according to its connotation like this, 择妻宜重德，不可只重貌 /择妻看平时，不宜重衣着, it is easier for our chinese people to understand it.
there are many english proverbs translated freely. for example,
1. two can play the game.
孤掌难鸣。
2. new broom sweeps clean.
新官上任三把火。
3. the grass is greener on the other side of the hill.
这山望着那山高。
4. putting the cart before the horse.
本末倒置。
5. a little bait catches a large fish.
本大利小。
6. there are more ways of killing a cat than by choking it with cream.
别在一棵树上吊死。
7. love me little, love me long.
细水长流爱最甜。
8. the best friends must apart.
天下没有不散的宴席。
9. experience is the best teacher.
经一事，长一智。
10. a contented mind is a perpetual feast.
知足常乐。
11. ask your purse what you buy.
量入为出。
3. substitution translation
substitution translation, which means we use the chinese proverb with the same meaning to translate english proverb. we all know that human culture has much in difference, but also has much in common. proverbs are produced in people’s working and daily life. therefore, human being’s experience and observation have much in common, which are reflected on proverbs. many english and chinese proverbs have the same meaning, connotation and persuading way. in this situation, we should translate them by substitution translation. for example, “wall have ears” (白纯，20xx)，which has the same meaning and connotation with the chinese proverb, “隔墙有耳”, so we should choose substitution translation method.
there are many proverbs of this kind, for example,
1. strike while the iron is hot.
趁热打铁。
2. constant dropping wears the stone.
滴水穿石。
3. misfortunes never come alone.
祸不单行。
although human being’s experience and observation have much in common, english and chinese culture have great differences, which are also reflected in the proverbs. some english and chinese proverbs have the same meaning and connotation, but they have different eloquence. if we translate them literally, it is difficult for our chinese people to understand their connotation. in this situation, we should translate them by substitution translation. for example, “a cornered cat becomes as fierce as a lion” (张毓彪，20xx). if we translate it literally like this, “被逼得走投无路的猫, 会像狮子一样凶猛” , maybe our chinese people can understand its connotation, but this kind of translation will lose the proverb’s characteristic of concise words. in this situation, we should try to find a chinese proverb with the same meaning and connotation to translate it. we can translate it like this, “狗急跳墙”, which will be easy for our chinese people to understand and read it.
there are many proverbs of this kind, for example,
1. birds of a feather flock together.
物以类聚，人以群分。
2. go to the sea, if you would fish well.
不如虎穴，焉得虎子；不入大海，难擒蛟龙。
3. great oaks from little acorns grow.
合抱之木，生于毫末；千里之行始于足下。
4. kill two birds with one stone.
一箭双雕，一石二鸟。
5. one rotten apple spoils the barrel.
一粒老鼠屎弄坏一锅粥。
6. the fox preys farthest from his home.
兔子不吃窝边草。
7. rome was not built in a day.
冰冻三尺非一日之寒。
8. if you want knowledge, you must toil for it.
书山有路勤为径，学海无崖苦做舟。
9. it takes three generations to make a gentleman.
十年树木，百年树人。
4. combination of literal and free translation
when translating english proverbs, we will find a problem that some english proverbs have complicated historical and cultural backgrounds. if we adopt literal translation method, it can express the proverb’s literal meaning, but it can not express the primary proverb’s connotation well; if we use free translation method, though its connotation is well expressed, the vivid comparison will be lost. in this situation, we should translate proverbs by combining literal and free translation. this method will make the translation express both the primary proverb’s literal meaning and connotation. for example, “a cat has nine lives” 猫有九条命，竹有千重根 (王书亭、王建明，20xx). in britain, people hold a religious view that cat has strong life power, because when people throw it down from a high place, the cat can stand firmly on the floor without being injured. moreover, cat is very clever and flexible, so it is difficult to kill it. so people use the proverb “a cat has nine lives” to imply people who have strong life power or people who can escape from dangerous situation easily. however, in china, our chinese people do not know the story. if we translate this proverb literally like this, “猫有九条命”, it is very difficult for our chinese people to understand the connation of the proverb; if we translate it by free translation like this, “竹有千重根”, it is easy for our chinese people to understand the connation of the proverb, but it is very difficult for our chinese people to understand why english people compare cat with people having strong life power. in this situation, we should translate it by combination of literal and free translation like this, “猫有九条命，竹有千重根”, which will make the translation keep both its literal meaning and connotation.
there are many proverbs of this kind, for example,
1. little pitchers have long ears.
壶小嘴长, 人小耳尖.
2. a single flower does not make a spring.
一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。
3. fish begins to stink at the head.
鱼烂头先臭，国败官先腐。
4. never buy a pig in a poke.
雾里看花，走眼；隔袋买猪，受骗。
5. still water run deep.
水静流深，人静心深。
6. never do things by halves.
半途而废不成事，善始善终成大业。
7. the proof of the pudding is in the eating.
亲自下河知深浅，亲尝布丁知酸甜。
8. money begets money.
钱生钱，利生利。
9. a drowning man will catch a straw.
溺水抓稻草，病急乱投医。
10. do not change horse in mid-stream.
河中莫换马，临阵莫换将。
part v
conclusion
proverb is a vivid carrier of a country’s history and culture．it is the wisdom of people from all walks of life．bacon, a famous english philosopher once said, “the genius, wit and spirit of a nation are discovered in its proverbs”. (谚语是一个民族天才,智慧和精神的体现.) proverb shows the development of every society．english proverb, likes a mirror, can reflect a nation’s whole culture, and it is also like a window, which can display the nation’s culture. a well-translated proverb can not only teach, enlighten and persuade people, but also can enrich our chinese language and culture.
english proverbs have the characteristics of concise structure, short form, precise words, deep meaning, vivid comparison, and bright ethnic and geographical characteristics. in addition, english proverbs have distinctive cultural backgrounds. they reflect british nation’s traditional customs, religion, and fables and myth, etc. all these elements cause the difficulty of translating english proverbs.
the most important thing of translating proverbs are the exact translation of the connotation of the original article，and give consideration to the literal meaning under the situation of no cultural conflict，and actually translate the appreciation or the depreciation of the original article according to the concrete language situation．when translating english proverbs, firstly we should understand the proverb’s cultural connotation verily. secondly, we should pay attention to translate proverbs with precise words, short form, oral and popular style, etc. finally, we should flexibly choose the proper translation method according to different situation and need. only in this way, can we translate english proverbs precisely and faithfully.
references
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[2]claire, kramsch. 2000. language and culture [m]. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.
[3]fernando, chitra. 20xx. idioms and idiomaticity [m]. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.
[4]newmark, peter. 20xx. approaches to translation [m]. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.
[5]newmark, peter. 20xx. a textbook of translation [m]. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.
[6]nida, eugene a. 1993. language and culture: contexts in translation [m]. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.
[7] 白纯，20xx，英语谚语的文化内涵与翻译方法[j]，《黑龙江教育学院学报》第1期。
[8] 包惠南，20xx，《文化语境与语言翻译》[m]。：中国对外翻译出版公司。
[9] 包通法、徐洁，20xx， 跨文化交流中英语谚语的翻译[j]，《江南大学学报》第4期。
[10] 陈红玉，20xx，英语谚语的文化内涵与翻译[j]，《青海大学学报》（自然科学版）第4 期。
[11] 丁关中，1992，《英语谚语大词典》[c]。：中国对外翻译出版公司。
[12] 方梦之，20xx，《英汉翻译辨析》[m]。：中国对外翻译出版公司。
[13] 方梦之，20xx，《英汉翻译基础教程》[m]。 ：中国对外翻译出版公司。
[14] 江峰、丁丽军，20xx，《实用英语翻译》[m]。.：电子工业出版社。
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[17] 彭小红，20xx，浅谈英语谚语的翻译[j]，《江西师范大学学报》（哲学社会科学版），第3 期。
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[19] 吴友富，2000，《外语与文化研究》[m]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
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第三篇 浅议如何从英语谚语中学习英语和人生哲理_英语教学
摘要：英语谚语从形式到内涵都颇具特点。这些特点具体体现在英语谚语言简意赅、句式多样、音韵和谐、描写逼真、底蕴深厚并兼具警喻功能。通过领会英语谚语的形式和内涵上的特点，英语学习者可以从中学习英语，同时学到人生哲理。
关键词：英语谚语 学习英语 学习人生哲理
一 引言
英语谚语是英语语言的一个精华，从形式到内涵独具特点，它简洁凝练，句式多变，音韵和谐优美，描写生动逼真，内涵丰富，蕴含了说英语国家人们的人生哲理，警喻功能明显。英语学习者可通过领会英语谚语的形式特点来学习英语，同时通过领会英语丰富的内涵，学到人生哲理，知晓如何为人处世。
二 抓住英语谚语形式特点来学习英语
形式上，英语谚语简洁凝练、句式多变、和谐、描写生动。学习者可以模仿英语谚语来遣词造句，灵活运用所学的语法结构、、修辞知识。
英语谚语既简洁凝练又句式多变。这样的例子不胜枚举，比如accidents will happen（天有不测风云）；bare words, no bargain（空话不能成交）；be not hasty to outbid another（不要锋芒毕露）。WWw.0519news.CoM英语谚语和谐优美，这具体体现在押韵、重复和对仗等形式上，如a faithful friend is hard to find（知音难觅），call a spade a spade（有啥说啥，直言不讳）和great boast, all roast（牛皮吹，收效微）。英语谚语描写惟妙惟肖，常可分为直描、比喻和拟人等，例子俯拾皆是，比如great weights hang on all wires（千钧一发）；business is the salt of life（事业如盐，是人生所必需）；complacency is the enemy of study （自满是学习的敌人）。
英语学习者可抓住上述形式特点来学习英语，用英语简洁明白地表达，又结合多变的句式、和谐的、传神的描写，使语言鲜活起来。另外由于具备以上形式特点的英语谚语生动有趣、引人入胜，学习者可寓学于乐，能很好地激发英语学习兴趣和动力，更好地学好英语。
三 抓住英语谚语内涵特点来学习人生哲理
根据英华大辞典，谚语是箴言。箴言乃警世喻人之语。英语谚语内涵上颇具警喻功能，包含的人生哲理比比皆是。
英语谚语的人生哲理从涉及动植物、饮食、身体、颜色、服装、数字、时间、天气和四季、婚姻和家庭、职业和阶层各个方面体现出来，比如a bird never flies on one wing （孤掌难鸣），as long as the green hill lasts, there’ll always be wood to burn（留得青山在，不怕没柴烧）；a good appetite is a good sauce（胃口好，吃什么都香）；a deformed body may have a beautiful soul（残缺的身体也可以有美好的心灵），a green wound is soon healed（新伤好得快）；clothes do not make the man（人品好歹，不在穿戴）；all good things go by three（富不过三代）；a moment’s error can bring a lifelong regret（一失足成千古恨），a spell of autumn rain, and a spell of cold（一场雨一场寒）；a house divided against itself cannot stand（家和万事兴），a good wife and health is a man’s best wealth（良妻和健康是男人最
好的财富）；a great teacher produces a brilliant student（名师出高徒）。道出人生哲理的英语谚语，不胜枚举，语意丰富，不管是严厉警示，还是温和的提醒，都给人以人生启迪。四 结论
英语谚语语言表现形式多样，妙趣横生，寓意深远，体现了不少人生的真谛。英语学习者可抓住英语谚语的形式特点来学习英语，增强学习英语的兴趣和动力，又可抓住其内涵特点学习人生哲理，修身养性，陶冶情操，这样既能提高英语学习的水平，又能提高做人的素质，一举两得。
参考文献
［1］卢晋.英语谚语2000（英汉对照）［m］.成都：四川大学出版社，2000
［2］张同盟、陈雪春.常用英语谚语手册［m］.香港：新联书社出版社，1983
［3］郑易里等.英华大辞典［m］.：商务印书馆，20xx
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第四篇 小学三年级关于天气谚语
1、大暑小暑不是暑，立秋处暑正当暑。
2、黑云接驾，不阴就下。
3、久雨冷风扫，天晴定可靠。
4、日落胭脂红，非雨便是风。
5、时雨时晴，几天几夜不停。
6、下昼雷，三日雨。
7、西北起黑云，雷雨必来临。
8、清早宝塔云，下午雨倾盆。
9、黑蜻蜓乱，天气要旱。
10、蟋蟀上房叫，庄稼挨水泡。
11、烟囱不冒烟，一定是阴天。
12、雷公先唱歌，有雨也不多。
13、六月多星，天必晴。
14、早风有雨晚风晴。
15、好中秋，好晚稻。
16、泥鳅跳，雨来到。
17、柱石脚下潮有雨。
18、馒头云，天气晴。
19、炮台云，雨淋淋。
20、日落西山一点红，半夜起来搭雨蓬。
第五篇 小学三年级关于天气谚语
1、雷声绕圈转，有雨不久远。
2、鱼儿出水跳，风雨就来到。
3、鸡进笼晚兆阴雨。
4、早怕东南黑，晚怕北云推。
5、鸡迟宿，鸭欢叫，风雨不到。
6、东边日出西边雨，阵雨过后又天晴。
7、东虹日出，西虹雨。
8、日出太阳黄，午后风必狂。
9、先雷后雨不长久，先雨后雷下不停。
10、草灰结成饼，天有风雨临。
11、日晕三更雨，月晕午时风。
12、星星明，来日晴。
13、雨天虹，落不停。
14、南闪火开门，北闪有雨临。
15、三日黄沙，九日晴。
16、处暑一声雷，秋里大雨来。
17、南风不过午，过午连夜吼。
18、鸡早宿窝天必晴，鸡晚进笼天必雨。
19、云从东南来，下雨不过响。
20、早晚烟扑地，苍天有雨意。
第六篇 小学三年级关于天气谚语
1、风头一个帆，雨后变晴天。
2、风静天热人又闷，有风有雨不用问。
3、蜻蜓飞得低，出门带笠。
4、小暑热得透，大暑凉溲溲。
5、雷打东，一场空。
6、癞出洞，下雨靠得稳。
7、立夏无雷动，包谷皆成空。
8、朝有破紫云，午后雷雨临。
9、云交云，雨淋淋。
10、星星眨眼天要变。
11、蚯蚓路上爬，雨水乱如麻。
12、棉花云，雨快淋。
13、久晴西风雨，久雨西风晴。
14、天上鲤鱼斑，晒谷不用翻。
15、瓦块云，晒死人。
16、蚂蚁垒窝要下雨。
17、无风起横浪，三天台风降。
18、天上跑台云，地上雨淋淋。
19、太阳现一现，三天不见面。
20、蜘蛛结网天放晴。
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